On September 23, 2025, the Italian law on artificial intelligence (hereinafter, “Italian AI Law”) was signed into law, after receiving final approval by the Italian Senate on September 17, 2025. 

The law consists of varied provisions, including general principles and targeted sectoral rules in certain areas not covered by the EU AI Act.  The Italian…

On September 29, California Governor Gavin Newsom (D) signed into law SB 53, the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (“TFAIA”), establishing public safety regulations for developers of “frontier models,” or large foundation AI models trained using massive amounts of computing power.  TFAIA is the first frontier model safety legislation in the country to…

On September 10, Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee Chair Ted Cruz (R-TX) released what he called a “light-touch” regulatory framework for federal AI legislation, outlining five pillars for advancing American AI leadership.  In parallel, Senator Cruz introduced the Strengthening AI Normalization and Diffusion by Oversight and eXperimentation (“SANDBOX”) Act (S. 2750), which…

As the California Legislature’s 2025 session draws to a close, lawmakers have advanced over a dozen AI bills to the final stages of the legislative process, setting the stage for a potential showdown with Governor Gavin Newsom (D).  The AI bills, some of which have already passed both chambers, reflect recent trends in state AI…

This update highlights key mid-year legislative and regulatory developments and builds on our first quarter update related to artificial intelligence (“AI”), connected and automated vehicles (“CAVs”), Internet of Things (“IoT”), and cryptocurrencies and blockchain developments.

I. Federal AI Legislative Developments

In the first session of the 119th Congress, lawmakers rejected a proposed moratorium on state…

On July 29, 2025, the National Institute of Standards & Technology (“NIST”) unveiled an outline for preliminary, stakeholder-driven standards, known as a “zero draft”, for AI testing, evaluation, verification and validation (“TEVV”).  This outline is part of NIST’s AI Standards Zero Drafts pilot project, which was announced on March 25, 2025, as we previously reported. The…

On July 10, 2025, the AI Office published the final version of the Code of Practice for General-Purpose AI Models (the “Code”).  The Code is a voluntary compliance tool designed to help companies comply with the AI Act obligations for providers of general-purpose AI (“GPAI”) models.  The AI Office and the AI Board will now…